Publications

This report summarizes fiscal year 2018 and 2019 activities that supported management decisions, improved our understanding of deep-sea coral communities, and prioritized partnerships to enhance operational efficiency and effectiveness. Operating through NOAA Fisheries’ Office of Habitat Conservation, and funded at approximately $2.3 million annually to support national-scale research, the Program collaborates widely to cost-effectively study the role of corals in support of deep-sea ecosystems.

The Pourtalès Terrace is an exposed hard-bottom platform located south of the Florida Keys in 200–450 m depth with a diverse deep-sea coral ecosystem dominated by stylasterid hydrocorals, octocorals, and sponges that supports recreational and commercial fisheries. Here we report analyses of historic Terrace physiographic and geologic data with more recent high-resolution bathymetric and benthic data to statistically derive a benthic community characterization across the Terrace.

We provide the first consideration of larval connectivity among deep-sea sponge populations along the southeastern coast of North America, illustrate the influence of the Gulf Stream on dispersal, and complement published distribution models by evaluating colonization potential. 

The Program, in partnership with NOAA Ocean Exploration, enabled a field research program in the Pacific Islands region between 2015–2017 that provided a first look at deep-sea coral and sponge ecosystems in the marine monuments throughout the region, and in other areas of interest such as hydrothermal vents and seeps, isolated seamounts, and mid-water biological and chemical characterization. This report covers the deep-sea coral and sponge research.

This report includes a summary of activities related to three deep-sea coral research cruises conducted within the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary between August 2014 and August 2015.

Patterns in deep-sea corals: seawater chemistry data report for Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary

In August of 2016, NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer conducted the first-ever deepwater exploration of the Wake Atoll Unit of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. In total, the ship conducted 14 ROV dives ranging from 350 to 3,136 meters depth. All explored seamounts are flat-topped guyots with mainly pillow lavas coated in ferromanganese crust exposed on their lower flanks. 

Shallow coral reef and seamount-based ecosystems associated with Pacific islands and atolls host a high and abundant biodiversity, yet many of the ecosystems are threatened by a range of climatic, oceanographic, and anthropogenic stresses. In these types of environments, the morphology and composition of the seabed have been shown to be useful proxies/surrogates for the distribution and abundance of benthic organisms, as well as the other organisms and communities that depend on them. We developed classification approaches for substrate mapping in coral reef and deeper-water environments (0–500 m) around the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) based on multibeam echosounder bathymetry and backscatter, utilizing several key morphological variables together with the backscatter data in an unsupervised classification. 

The Phoenix Islands Protected Area, in the central Pacific waters of the Republic of Kiribati, is a model for large marine protected area (MPA) development and maintenance, but baseline records of the protected biodiversity in its largest environment, the deep sea (>200 m), have not yet been determined. Here, we present baseline deep-sea coral species distribution and community assembly patterns within the Scleractinia, Octocorallia, Antipatharia, and Zoantharia with respect to different seafloor features and abiotic environmental variables across bathyal depths (200–2500 m).

Coordinated deep-water exploration from 2015 to 2017 enabled new insights into the status of deep-sea marine debris throughout the central and western Pacific Basin via ROV expeditions conducted onboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer and RV Falkor. These expeditions included sites in United States protected areas and monuments, other Exclusive Economic Zones, international protected areas, and areas beyond national jurisdiction.